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David S Wall, professor of criminology at the University of Leeds, argues that authorities must not concede to the demands of cybercriminals when their systems are under siege.
A version of this article was originally published by The Conversation (CC BY-ND 4.0)
A ransomware campaign that targeted 22 US cities across Texas has raised serious concerns about the vulnerability of local governments and public services to cyberattacks. These events come not long after similar attacks on governmental and business organisations in Indiana, Florida and elsewhere.
They reflect a general shift in ransomware tactics from ‘spray and pray’ attacks on large numbers of individual consumers, to ‘big game hunting’, which targets organisations, usually through people in positions of power.
A recent report from cybersecurity firm Malwarebytes found a 365pc increase in ransomware detections against businesses and organisations (as opposed to individuals) from 2018 to 2019. Put simply, cybercriminals see an opportunity to extort far more money from organisations than individuals.
Although the majority of ransomware attacks were found to occur in the US, local governments around the world are equally vulnerable.
Ransomware usually spreads via phishing emails or links to infected websites, relying on human error to gain access to systems. As its name suggests, ransomware is designed to block access to data, systems or services until a ransom is paid. At a technical level, cities tend to be fairly easy targets because they often have bespoke operating systems, with parts that are old and out of date, as well as ineffective back-up measures.
Cities also tend to lack system-wide security policies, so if cybercriminals gain entry through one system, they can then access others and wreak havoc by freezing essential data and preventing the delivery of services. But even if organisations have improved their technical security, my research with my colleague Lena Connolly has found that few put equal emphasis on training employees to identify and resist attacks.
Target acquired
Employees in many small and medium-sized organisations, like local governments, often do not recognise their organisation’s true commercial value to criminals, and commonly think they are unlikely to be targeted. As a result, they might also develop bad habits – such as using work systems for personal reasons – which can increase vulnerability.
Offenders will do their homework before launching an attack, in order to create the most severe disruption they possibly can. After all, the greater the pressure to pay the ransom, the higher they can set the tariff.
Attackers identify key individuals to target and seek out vulnerabilities such as computers that have been left switched on outside of working hours or have not been updated. Once they’ve worked out who to target, cybercriminals deploy ‘social engineering’ techniques, such as phishing, that psychologically manipulate victims into opening an email attachment or clicking on a link, which allows the ransomware programme into the organisation’s operating system.
To pay or not to pay?
Whether or not to pay the ransom is not a straightforward decision for city authorities with vital public services on the line. Most policing agencies instruct victims not to pay, but as Mayor Stephen Witt of Lake City, Florida, put it after his ward was targeted: “With your heart, you really don’t want to pay these guys. But, dollars and cents, representing the citizens, that was the right thing to do.”
Another problem is that ransomware is not always deployed to extort money – so paying the ransom doesn’t guarantee that data will be restored. Attackers can have varying motives, skills and resources – working out their motive (often with very little information) is therefore crucial.
‘Today, authorities need to assume that it’s a matter of when – not if – an attack will happen’
Rather than simply making money using ransomware, some cybercriminals might seek to disable market competitors that provide competing goods or services.
Or, they may use the attacks for political gain, to reduce public confidence in a local government’s ability to deliver essential services. In such cases, the data is unlikely ever to be restored, even if the ransom is paid.
Seeking cover
Many cities are insured against attacks and insurers often pay the ransom to retrieve stolen data – sometimes employing third-party negotiators, against national advice. Ironically, the knowledge that cybercriminals are likely to get paid justifies the time they spend researching their target’s weaknesses, and leaves the door open for repeat attacks. This was one of the reasons why cybercriminals changed tactics and started targeting organisations in the first place.
This leaves city authorities a difficult choice, between paying to restore essential data and services (and encouraging cybercriminals) or admitting their systems have been compromised and facing up to social and political backlash. Even so, there are some measures city authorities can take to protect themselves, and their citizens, from ransomware.
Today, authorities need to assume that it’s a matter of when – not if – an attack will happen. They should install back-up systems for protected data that have the capacity to replace infected operating systems and databases if need be.
For example, in the UK, research found that 27pc of local government organisations were targets of ransomware in 2017. Yet 70pc of the 430 respondents had back-up systems in place, in preparation for the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and could therefore recover from a ransomware attack much faster than their counterparts in the US.
Local authorities need to separate their data systems where possible and install appropriate levels of security. They also need to train employees about the nature of the threat and the impacts of their own actions when working within the organisation’s systems. They should also be aware of international schemes to prevent and mitigate ransomware (such as nomoreransom.org), which provide advice and publish the keys to some ransomware online.
Public organisations must be able to think quickly and adapt to these new security threats – especially since cybercriminals are always coming up with new techniques. Local governments need to be prepared to simultaneously prevent cyberattacks, mitigate their effects when they do happen and bring cybercriminals to justice.
By David S Wall
David S Wall is a professor of criminology at the University of Leeds.
