Doctors publish guidelines for treating vaping-associated lung injuries


11 Nov 2019

Image: PA Media

As flu season makes it more difficult to diagnose vaping-associated lung injury, US physicians have published guidelines on how to treat the condition.

US medics have come up with a set of guidelines to help identify and treat patients for lung injuries associated with vaping and e-cigarettes.

The recommendations, published in the journal Lancet, come after the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed two more vaping-related deaths last week, taking the total death toll to 39.

Lead author Dr Denitza Blagev, a pulmonary and critical care physician at Intermountain Healthcare – a not-for-profit healthcare system in the US – said: “This is still an ongoing outbreak and not something we’ve seen with vaping before.”

The guidelines – which provide details on how to diagnose and treat patients – are based on research gathered from 60 patients at Intermountain’s hospitals and clinics across the country.

The recommendations include shorter courses of moderate-dose steroids for patients either treated as outpatients or admitted to hospitals.

For those who are critically ill on admission, the researchers advise giving higher doses of intravenous steroids that are tapered more slowly.

Challenges associated with flu season

Blagev said: “Through sharing the guideline, we are reaching clinicians and keeping e-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury on everyone’s minds, especially as we enter flu season and diagnosing vaping-associated lung injury becomes more challenging.

“We now have a standardised approach to treat these patients and we are starting to learn about what the recovery and complications are.”

Study participants diagnosed with vaping-related lung injuries showed flu-like symptoms, shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain. Abdominal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain were also reported.

According to the medics, chest x-rays of these patients revealed abnormalities in the lungs that are usually associated with pneumonia, fluid in lungs or lung inflammation.

‘Time will show us the long-term outcomes and the cause of this new disease’
– DR DENITZA BLAGEV

The test subjects were reported to have used e-cigarettes within 90 days of the symptoms appearing. Most of them were treated with oxygen and steroids, along with a course of antibiotics due to overlapping pneumonia symptoms.

While more than half of the patients were admitted to an intensive care unit, the researchers said most of them recovered quickly following steroid treatments.

However, six of those patients relapsed and had complications requiring hospital readmission.

THC and vitamin E acetate 

Among the patients who were readmitted to the hospital, most of them had been critically ill when they initially came in for care and half of them had resumed vaping after discharge, researchers reported.

Of 26 patients who were followed up within two weeks, 10 of them had residual abnormalities in their lungs.

Two patients died and lung injury associated with e-cigarettes or vaping was thought to be a contributing factor, but not the cause of death, for both, the researchers wrote in their paper.

According to the medics, their findings show what lung injuries associated with e-cigarettes or vaping look like.

While the majority of the patients vaped THC, a psychoactive compound in cannabis, some reported only vaping nicotine. As the cause of e-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury still remains unknown, the researchers are advising avoiding all vaping exposure.

A substance called vitamin E acetate was identified in all of the samples tested by New York state health officials at the beginning of October, but there is not enough evidence to determine whether this is the exact cause of vaping related illness.

Blagev said: “Time will show us the long-term outcomes and the cause of this new disease but, in the meantime, the surest way to prevent lung injuries associated with e-cigarettes, or vaping, is not to vape.”

In the UK, Public Health England (PHE) stands by its claim that vaping is 95pc less harmful than smoking. Outside of the US, there have been no reported cases of lipoid pneumonia associated with vaping.

The UK’s PHE maintains that e-cigarettes containing nicotine are more tightly regulated in the UK than in the US and that main chemicals under suspicion in the US such as THC and vitamin E acetate oil are not permitted in e-cigarettes in the UK.

Prof John Newton, director of health improvement at PHE, recently wrote in a blog post: “We are keen to understand more about what is happening in the US, so we are in regular contact with US federal agencies including the CDC, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).”

– PA Media