How to check if non-medical face masks are effective


3 Aug 2020

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Wondering if homemade face masks can help stop the spread of coronavirus? University of Portsmouth’s Dr Simon Kolstoe has some easy at-home experiments to check.

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A version of this article was originally published by The Conversation (CC BY-ND 4.0)

If a surgeon arrived at the operating theatre wearing a mask they had made that morning from a tea towel, they would probably be sacked. This is because the equipment used for important tasks, such as surgery, must be tested and certified to ensure compliance with specific standards.

However, anyone can design and make a face covering to meet new public health requirements for using public transport or going to the shops.

Indeed, arguments about the quality and standard of face coverings underlie recent controversies and explain why many people think they are not effective for protecting against Covid-19. Even the language distinguishes between face ‘masks’, which are normally considered as being built to a certain standard, and face ‘coverings’, which can be almost anything else.

Perhaps the main problem is that, while we know that well-designed face masks have been used effectively for many years as personal protective equipment (PPE), during the Covid-19 outbreak shortages of PPE have made it impractical for the entire population to wear regulated masks and be trained to use them effectively.

As a result, the argument has moved away from wearing face masks for personal protection and towards wearing face coverings for public protection. The idea is that despite unregulated face coverings being highly variable, they do, on average, reduce the spread of virus perhaps in a similar way as covering your mouth when you cough.

But, given the wide variety of unregulated face coverings that people are now wearing, how do we know which is most effective?

‘Much like covering our mouths when we cough, the aim of wearing non-medical face masks is to reduce the distance that your breath spreads away from your body’

The first thing is to understand what we mean by effective. Coronavirus particles are about 70 to 90 nanometres in size and the weaves within a typical cloth face covering have gaps about 1,000 times bigger than that. ‘Effectiveness’ does not mean reliably trapping the virus. Instead, much like covering our mouths when we cough, the aim of wearing non-medical face masks is to reduce the distance that your breath spreads away from your body.

The idea is that if you do have Covid-19, depositing any virus you may breathe out on either yourself or nearby (within one metre) is much better than blowing it all over other people or surfaces.

An effective face covering is not meant to stop the wearer from catching the virus. Although from a personal perspective we might want to protect ourselves, to do so we should be wearing specially designed PPE such as FFP2 (also known as N95) masks. But, as mentioned, by doing so we risk creating shortages of face masks and potentially putting healthcare workers at risk.

Instead, if you want to avoid catching the virus yourself, the most effective things to do are avoid crowded places by, ideally, staying at home, not touching your face and washing your hands often.

Two simple tests for non-medical face masks

If effectiveness for face coverings means preventing our breath travelling too far away from our bodies, how would we go about comparing different designs or materials?

Perhaps the easiest way, as demonstrated by several increasingly shared pictures or videos on social media, is to find someone who vapes and film them breathing out the vapour while wearing a face covering.

One glance at such a demonstration dispels any suggestion that these face coverings stop your breath escaping. Instead, these images show that your breath is directed over the top of your head, down onto your chest and behind you. The breath is also turbulent, meaning that although it does spread out, it doesn’t go far.

In comparison, if you look at someone vaping without a face covering, you will see that the exhalation goes mostly forward and down, and a significantly further distance than with a face covering.

Such a test is probably ideal for examining different designs and fits. Do coverings that loop around the ears work better than scarves? How far under your chin does a covering need to go? What is the best nose fitting? How do face shields compare to face masks? These are all questions that could be answered using this method.

However, in conducting this experiment, we should appreciate that vaping particles are significantly bigger than coronavirus particles. While it is probably fair to assume that smaller virus particles will travel in roughly the same directions as the vaping particles, there is also the chance that they may still go straight forward through the face covering.

To get an idea of how much this might happen, a simple test involving trying to blow out a candle directly in front of the wearer can be tried.

Initially, the distance coupled with the strength of exhalation could be investigated. Then non-medical face masks made from different materials and, critically, with different numbers of layers can be tested.

The face covering that made it hardest to divert the candle flame will probably provide the best barrier for projecting the virus forward and through the face covering.

Without any more sophisticated equipment, it would be difficult to conduct any further simple experiments at home. However, combining the above two tests would provide wearers with a good idea about which of their face coverings would work the best if the aim was to avoid breathing potential infection over other people.

The Conversation

By Dr Simon Kolstoe

Dr Simon Kolstoe is a senior lecturer in evidence-based healthcare and university ethics advisor at the University of Portsmouth. He chairs research ethics committees for the NHS, UK Ministry of Defence and Public Health England, and sits on a variety of advisory boards including the UK Department of Health’s Confidentiality Advisory Group.